Published Papers

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) software for wavefront sensing has been demonstrated in previous studies [1], [3]. In this work, we have developed a novel approach to wavefront sensing by coupling an AI software with an Autostigmatic Microscope (AM). The resulting system offers optical component and system testing capabilities similar to those of an interferometer used in double pass, but with several advantages. The AM is smaller, lighter, and less expensive than commercially available interferometers, while the AI software is capable of reading out Zernike coefficients, providing real-time feedback for alignment.

The Point Source Microscope (PSM) is used to find five aberrations related to the symmetries of the autostigmatic image viewed when aligning aspheric mirrors to a point along an axis. These five aberrations exactly match in number the five degrees of mechanical freedom required to align the mirror to an axis and thus provide an exact solution to a unique focus and alignment to an axis. We show how the PSM is used to capture and analyze a set of images as the PSM is moved through focus using the symmetry properties of the image.

We present a description of an attachment for an autostigmatic microscope that uses two objectives set at right angles to unambiguously locate the center of a ball in all 3 translational degrees of freedom that can be used to perform the “R” test, or to scan a ball plate, to determine machine tool precision dynamically.

We show how custom computer generated holograms (CGH) are used along with an autostigmatic microscope (ASM) to align both optical and mechanical components relative to the CGH. The patterns in the CGHs define points and lines in space when interrogated with the focus of the ASM. Once the ASM is aligned to the CGH, an optical or mechanical component such as a lens, a well-polished ball or a cylinder can be aligned to the ASM in 3 or 4 degrees of freedom and thus to the CGH. In this case we show how a CGH is used to make a fixture for cementing a doublet lens without the need for a rotary table or a precision vertical stage.

A novel method of projecting a reference axis in space for use in optical assembly of centered elements such as assembly in a barrel or in cementing multi-element lenses is presented. An axicon grating, a set of concentric, uniformly spaced circles, when illuminated with a point source of light creates a line of bright spots surrounded by concentric rings in both transmission through and reflection from the grating. This axis is easily interrogated with an autostigmatic microscope to gauge the distance a center of curvature, or other lens conjugate, lies from the axis created by the grating.

An optical method of determining the location of the apex of a corner reflector mounted in a steel ball, commonly referred to as a Spherically Mounted Retroreflector (SMR), relative to the center of the ball to the 1-2 μm level was previously described by us. The method used an autostigmatic microscope focused on the apex and viewed the reflected spot image as the SMR was rotated about a normal to its entrance aperture. This measurement determined the lateral offset of the apex and tipping the SMR while viewing the spot gave an indication of the axial displacement.